ABSTRACT
RESUMO A escolha da especialidade médica é de suma importância para o estudante de Medicina, uma vez que representa a escolha da sua prática diária. Embora a realização acadêmica, considerações financeiras e preferências de estilo de vida influenciem a escolha, os aspectos intrapessoais têm impacto na decisão do médico. Objetivos Avaliar os principais fatores que influenciam o acadêmico de Medicina na escolha da especialidade médica e identificar as áreas de atuação preferidas pelos estudantes dos quatro primeiros anos de uma instituição de ensino superior de Curitiba (PR). Resultados Dos 397 estudantes, 307 responderam a um questionário previamente elaborado para este estudo, sendo que 291 foram considerados válidos. Duzentos e quatro estudantes são do sexo feminino e 87 do sexo masculino. Os fatores de influência foram comparados entre os estudantes dos diferentes anos e com resultados publicados na literatura. Os principais fatores considerados pelos estudantes nesta decisão foram: conhecimento mais amplo ou específico, contato com o paciente, local de atuação profissional e estilo de vida após a residência médica. Para as mulheres, a pressão do dia a dia durante o exercício da especialidade, a relação a longo prazo com o paciente e a facilidade de emprego foram significativamente mais relevantes na escolha da especialidade do que para os homens. Pai ou mãe médicos influenciam os estudantes na decisão da escolha da especialidade. O perfil financeiro do estudante influenciou a escolha quando relacionado a retorno financeiro a longo prazo, sendo mais relevante para os estudantes com renda familiar mensal entre 6 mil e 15 mil reais ou maior que 20 mil reais. A especialidade de Cirurgia Geral foi a preferida pelos estudantes, com predominância no sexo masculino, seguida de Pediatria, Clínica Médica e Psiquiatria. Conclusões Estilo de vida, local de atuação e retorno financeiro precoce foram considerados igualmente importantes por estudantes de todos os anos avaliados. Devido à grande quantidade de variáveis avaliadas e de fatores que influenciam esta decisão, estudos adicionais são necessários para comparações mais significativas com a literatura disponível.
ABSTRACT Choosing a medical specialty is extremely important for medical students as it represents the choice of their day-to-day practice. While this choice is influenced by academic achievement, financial considerations and lifestyle preferences, intrapersonal aspects also have an impact on the decision. Objectives To evaluate the main factors that influence medical students in their choice of medical specialty, and to identify the areas of practice preferred by students in the first four years of a Higher Education Institution. Results Out of a total of 397 students, 307 answered a questionnaire previously prepared for this study, and of these, 291 were considered valid. 204 female, and 87 male. Influencing factors were compared among students from different years, and with results published in the literature. The main factors considered by the students in this decision were: broader or specific knowledge, contact with the patient, place of professional activity, and lifestyle after medical residency. For the women, the factors day-to-day stress of the specialty, the long-term relationship with the patient, and the ease of finding a job were significantly more relevant in the choice of specialty than for the men. Parents who were doctors also influenced the choice of specialty. The student's financial profile influenced the choice when related to long-term financial returns, being more relevant for students with monthly family incomes at the higher or lower ends of spectrum, i.e., - between 6 and 15 thousand Brazilian reals, or more than 20 thousand Brazilian reals. The specialty General Surgery was the first choice , predominantly among the male students, followed by Pediatrics, Clinical Medicine and Psychiatry. Conclusions Lifestyle, place of professional activity and early financial returns were considered equally important by students across all the years evaluated. Due to the large number of variables evaluated, and the many factors that influence this decision, additional studies are needed, in order to make more significant comparisons with the literature.
ABSTRACT
No Brasil aumenta o número de mulheres que posterga a maternidade para depois dos 35 anos. Este fenômeno evidencia o tempo de educação da mulher e sua entrada no mercado de trabalho, que exigem o adiamento da maternidade. Alguns estudos apontam para uma dificuldade na assunção do papel materno pelas mulheres com mais de 35 anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar a literatura acerca dos conceitos de "maternidade tardia" e "ambivalência", investigando a possível conexão entre os temas e as alterações psíquicas do puerpério. Constatou-se que na maternidade tardia o período de adaptação ao bebê é vivido com uma ambivalência mais intensa. Influenciadas, sobretudo, por uma imposição cultural que supõe o amor incondicional aos filhos, observa-se que as mães tardias têm dificuldade em conciliar os aspectos da vida já bem estruturada com estas novas funções a serem exercidas.
In Brazil a growing number of women are postponing motherhood until after their mid-30s. This phenomenon seems to be related to the woman's level of education and her entrance into the labor market, factors which demand the delay of motherhood. Some studies show that women over 35 years old have a certain difficulty in assuming the role of mothers. The purpose of this work is to review the literature regarding the concepts of "delayed motherhood" and "ambivalence", investigating the possible connections between these topics and the psychological alterations of the puerperium. It was verified that in delayed motherhood the adaptation period to the newborn is experienced with a higher ambivalence by the mother. Influenced, above all, by a cultural imposition that presumes the unconditional love for their children, women that delayed motherhood have difficulty balancing aspects of their well established lives and the new functions they need to perform.
Subject(s)
Humans , Maternal Behavior/psychology , Mothers/psychology , Parenting , Work/psychologyABSTRACT
Esta investigação teve por objetivo estudar as concepções de pais e de profissionais sobre a comunicação do diagnóstico da síndrome de Down nas maternidades, bem como avaliar o dispositivo de estimulação precoce. Foram entrevistados seis mães e um pai, e oito profissionais. Das cinco categorias que emergiram da análise do conteúdo das entrevistas, duas foram destacadas neste trabalho: o momento da notícia e a estimulação precoce. Verificou-se que os pais sentem-se pouco acolhidos nas maternidades e pouco incluídos nos procedimentos de estimulação dos filhos. Constatou-se ainda que os profissionais dos centros obstétricos, que comunicam aos pais o diagnóstico do filho, e os terapeutas que realizam a estimulação precoce do bebê, em geral, não consideram os aspectos relacionais entre os membros do conjunto pais-bebê-profissionais como parte do próprio trabalho. Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta inovadora, com formas alternativas de atendimento que incluam os aspectos vinculares nesses dispositivos clínicos.
The goal of this investigation was to study the concepts of both parents and professionals regarding the communication of Down syndrome diagnosis in maternities, and to evaluate the early stimulation device. Six mothers, one father, and eight professionals were interviewed. From the five categories emerged in the content analysis of interviews, we emphasize two of them to present in this work: the communication moment and early stimulation. We noticed that parents feel poorly assisted in maternities, as well as poorly included in early stimulation procedures with their babies. In addition, we found out that professionals in birth centers - who communicate the diagnosis to parents - and therapists who conduct the baby's early stimulation do not generally consider the relational aspects among the members of the group parents-baby-professionals as part of their work. We present an innovative proposal of alternative forms of assistance that include the bonding aspects in clinical devices.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Down Syndrome , Early Intervention, Educational , Education, Special , Father-Child RelationsABSTRACT
En Uruguay se recomienda la vacuna antigripal en forma gratuita desde el año 2004. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer el porcentaje de niños vacunados entre los 6 y 23 meses y las causas de la vacunación o no vacunación. Metodología: estudio descriptivo. Se entrevistó a padres de niños de 6 a 23 meses en el período de vacunación. Se calcularon porcentajes y se utilizó el test de Fisher y c2. Resultados: de 414 niños, 126 (30,4%) recibieron la vacuna. Se vacunaron más niños del sector privado que del público. El motivo más importante para la vacunación fue la indicación del pediatra en 106 (84,1%) de ellos; para no vacunar la falta de recomendación: 147 (51,0%). Conclusiones: el porcentaje de vacunación es bajo. Se debe trabajar para mejorar la adhesión del pediatra a la vacuna y lograr mejor cobertura.
In Uruguay, free-of-charge vaccination against influenza has been recommended since 2004. The objective of this study was to determine the percentage of vaccinated children aged from 6 to 23 months Methodology: it was a descriptive study surveying the parents of children aged from 6 to 23 months in the vaccination period. Results: 126 (30,4%) of 414 children received the vaccine. The most important reason was the pediatrician's prescription in 106 (84,1%); the lack of such recommendation was the most important reason for failing to do so: 147 (51,0%). Conclusions: the vaccination percentage is very low. Awareness should be raised in order to improve vaccination compliance and to achieve a better coverage.
Subject(s)
Humans , Vaccination Coverage , Influenza Vaccines , UruguayABSTRACT
Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites of some Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius strains that occur in many foods and feeds. There are four major natural occurring aflatoxins: B1, B2, G1 and G2. These toxins can cause illness in human beings and animals. Aflatoxin B1 is the most abundant and toxic member of the family, and it is also the most potent hepatocarcinogen known. In order to estimate the potential human health risk of AFB1, it is useful to measure blood concentration. The presence of aflatoxin B1 in patients was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography, in serum samples, obtained from 20 patient volunteers with hepatic disease. Out of the 20 patients, the presence of AFB1 was detected in only one of them, in a concentration of 0.47 ng/cm3. Nevertheless, this result should draw the attention of control organizations in Argentina to the need for a thorough food and feed inspection